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Pilanesberg International Airport (IATA: NTY, ICAO: FAPN) is an airport located in Pilanesberg, North West Province, South Africa near Sun City. Its IATA Airport Code is NTY.

Airlines and destinations

• Executive Aerospace
• First Choice Airways
• Jet Air
• Kwena Air
• Million Air
• National Airways Corporation
• Planes R US
• Progress Air
• Ross Air
• South African Historic Flights
• Streamline Air Charters
• Swift Flight Charters

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Adel Noori
Born:	November 12, 1979(1979-11-12) Xing Xiang, China
Detained at:	Guantanamo
ID number:	584
Charge(s):	no charge, held in extrajudicial detention
Status	still in Guantanamo

Adel Noori is a citizen of China held in extrajudicial detention in the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba. His Guantanamo Internee Security Number is 584. Joint Task Force Guantanamo counter-terrorism analysts report that he was born on November 12, 1979 in Xing Xiang, China.

Adel Noori is one of approximately two dozen Guantanamo captives from the Uighur ethnic group.

Main article: Uighur detainees in Guantanamo

Combatant Status Review

CSRT notice being read to a Guantanamo internee

Initially the Bush administration asserted they could withhold the protections of the Geneva Conventions from captives in the “War on Terror”, while critics argued the Conventions obligated the United States to conduct competent tribunals to determine the status of prisoners. Subsequently, the US Department of Defense instituted Combatant Status Review Tribunals, to determine whether the captives met the new definition of an “enemy combatant”.

The trailer where CSRTs were convened

From July 2004 through March 2005, a CSRT was convened to make a determination whether each captive had been correctly classified as an “enemy combatant”. Adel Noori was among the two-thirds of prisoners who chose to participate in their tribunals.

A Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for the tribunal, listing the alleged facts that led to his detainment. His memo accused him of the following: The memo listed the following allegations against him:

a. The detainee is a member of al Qaeda:

1. The detainee traveled to Afghanistan via Kyrgyzstan to receive training at a Uighur training camp/safe house in Kabul.
2. The detainee arrived in Kabul on 26 July 2001 to begin training.
3. The detainee received training on the AK-47 rifle and a Makarov pistol while at the Kabul Uighur training camp/safe house.
4. When the bombing began in Kabul, the detainee and all of the Uighurs ran in all directions for safety.
5. The detainee fled to Pakistan where he and three others were arrested by the Pakistani police while trying to evade detection (dressed in burkas).

Transcript

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Summarized Detainee Statement (ISN 584)

Noori chose to participate in his Combatant Status Review Tribunal. On March 3, 2006, in response to a court order from Jed Rakoff the Department of Defense published a single page Summarized transcript from his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.

Testimony

• Noori denied being a member of al Qaida or the Taliban.
• He said East Turkistan was his home country, not China.
• He said he saw weapons in the house where he stayed, but he didn’t receive any training - he said it was just a small house, not a training camp.
• He acknowledged that he and fellow Uighurs had fled in all directions when the bombing began.
• He said he threw his burka away before he was captured.

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Information paper: Uighur Detainee Population at JTF-GTMO

He is one of approximately two dozen Uyghur detainees accused of membership in the Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement.

Documents released in response to the writ of habeas corpus Hassan Anvar v. George W. Bush contained a December 30 2004 memo which provided one-paragraph biographies of 22 Uyghur captives, and asserted they were all caught at an “ETIM training camp”.

The brief biography of Adel Noori stated:

Mohammon v. Bush, Civil Action No. 05-2386

Adel Noori was one of the petitioners in Mohammon v. Bush, Civil Action No. 05-2386.

In September 2007 the Department of Justice published dossiers of unclassified documents arising from the Combatant Status Review Tribunals of 179 captives. The Department of Defense withheld Adel Noori’s documents when they published the documents from the other 179 habeas petitioner’s CSR Tribunals.

On July 18, 2008 George M. Clarke III informed the US District Court that:

The government has refused to provide Petitioner Adel Noori’s CSRT record to his counsel.

Administrative Review Board hearing

Hearing room where Guantanamo captive’s annual Administrative Review Board hearings convened for captives whose Combatant Status Review Tribunal had already determined they were an “enemy combatant”.

Detainees who were determined to have been properly classified as “enemy combatants” were scheduled to have their dossier reviewed at annual Administrative Review Board hearings. The Administrative Review Boards weren’t authorized to review whether a detainee qualified for POW status, and they weren’t authorized to review whether a detainee should have been classified as an “enemy combatant”.

They were authorized to consider whether a detainee should continue to be detained by the United States, because they continued to pose a threat — or whether they could safely be repatriated to the custody of their home country, or whether they could be set free.

Summary of Evidence memo

A Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for Adel Noori’s Administrative Review Board, on 1 July 2005. The memo listed factors for and against his continued detention.

The following primary factors favor continued detention:

a. Commitment

1. Detainee is an ethnic Uighur wanted by the communist Chinese governemnt for involvement in an uprising that took place in Southern Xinjiang province in 1990.
2. Detainee went to Afghanistan to train and return to fight Chinese oppression of ethnic Uighurs.
3. The detainee arrived at a safe house in Kabul on July 26, 2001.
4. When bombing began in Kabul, Afghanistan, the detainee sought refuge in Sara, Afghanistan and then traveled to Pakistan.
5. On January 15, 2002, the detainee and three other men, were arrested dressed in burkas (clothing worn by females), by Pakistani Police in Lahore, Pakistan.

b. Training

c. Connections/Associations

1. The detainee traveled to a Uighur safe house in Kabul, Afghanistan to receive training.
2. The Emir of the safe house was Hassan Mahsum, the leader of the East Tajikistan Islamic Party .
3. The detainee said that he was attempting to join the Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM).
4. The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) is designated an Other Foreign Terrorist Organization by the United States Department of Homeland Security .
5. Hassan Mahsum visited the safe house a few days after detainee arrived at the safe house in August 2001, and again at the onset of the United States bombing campaign in October 2001.
6. Hassan Maksoon (ph) oversees the operation of a small school in Kabul, Afghanistan where groups of three Uighurs train in Islam and light weapons operations.

d. Intent

1. Detainee was encouraged to go to Afghanistan where training is available for fighting the Chinese government.
2. Detainee advised that the purpose of the training was to return to his home and fight the Chinese.

e. Other Relevant Data

1. When the detainee was arrested by Pakistani authorities, he told them he was Uzbeki to avoid being turned over to Chinese authorities.
2. The three men arrested wearing burkas along with the detainee were Maneh and Ibrahim from Saudi Arabia, and Ibrahim from Morocco.
3. In 1990, detainee’s friend Abdulhamid, was killed in an uprising known as the Baren War. The detainee had studied Martial Arts with Abdulhamid.
4. Detainee advised he was very good friends with Abdrahim Otkue, a famous Uighur author. Otkur was arrested by the Chinese during the Cultural Revolution and served time Chinese prison.
5. The detainee met an American, through his friend Abdurehum Oktur, whom he knew as Dr. David Alim, a Physics professor at Xinjiang University, that reportedly speaks Uighur.
6. The detainee stated he knew Nurmamet Kenji, Chairman of a Bishkek committee known as “The Uighur Union”.

The following primary factors favor release or transfer:

a.	Upon release the detainee said he would like to be part of the action to defend the Uighur people and fight for human rights.
b.	Detainee said he had no negative feelings toward the United States. He was never asked to participate in Jihad against the United States while in Afghanistan. He said he would submit to a polygraph examination.
c.	Detainee stated he would not fight against the United States even if his religion told him to.
d.	Detainee acknowledges that if he returns to China he will face execution. He is very fearful that information about him will be passed to the Chinese government. He requests asylum in the United States.
e.	Detainee denied having any knowledge of the attacks in the United States prior to their execution on September 11th, and also denied knowledge of any rumors of plans of future attacks on the United States or United States interests.

Board recommendations

In early September 2007 the Department of Defense released two heavily redacted memos, from his Board, to Gordon England, the Designated Civilian Official. The Board’s recommendation was unanimous The Board’s recommendation was redacted. England authorized his transfer on October 22, 2005.

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Dissociative Disorders are defined as conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity and/or perception. The hypothesis is that symptoms can result, to the extent of interfering with a person’s general functioning, when one or more of these functions is disrupted.

The four dissociative disorders listed in the DSM IV TR are as follows:

• Depersonalization disorder (DSM-IV Codes 300.6) - periods of detachment from self or surrounding which may be experienced as “unreal” (lacking in control of or “outside of” self) while retaining awareness that this is only a feeling and not a reality.
• Dissociative amnesia (DSM-IV Codes 300.12) - noticeable impairment of recall resulting from emotional trauma
• Dissociative fugue (DSM-IV Codes 300.13) - physical desertion of familiar surroundings and experience of impaired recall of the past. This may lead to confusion about actual identity and the assumption of a new identity.
• Dissociative identity disorder (DSM-IV Codes 300.14) - the alternation of two or more distinct personality states with impaired recall, among personality states, of important information.

In addition, there’s the diagnosis of dissociative disorder not otherwise specified (DSM-IV Codes 300.15) which can be used for forms of pathological dissociation not covered by any of the specified dissociative disorders.

In a 2007 study, only 28.7% of the dissociative participants had received psychiatric treatment previously.

See also

• Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV
• Dissociation (psychology)
• Multiple personality controversy
• Dissociative identity disorder in fiction

References

1. ^ Dissociative Disorders, ( DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition)
2. ^ Depersonalization Disorder, ( DSM-IV 300.6, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition)
3. ^ Dissociative Amnesia (formerly Psychogenic Amnesia) ( DSM-IV 300.12, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition)
4. ^ Dissociative Fugue (formerly Psychogenic Fugue) ( DSM-IV 300.13, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition)
5. ^ Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder) ( DSM-IV 300.14, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition)
6. ^ Dissociative Disorder Not Otherwise Specified ( DSM-IV 300.15, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition)
7. ^ Prevalence of dissociative disorders among women in the general population ( Departments of Psychiatry, Istanbul University and Cumhuriyet University Medical Faculty, Turkey, January 2007)

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The pursuit of happiness may refer to:

• Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, famous phrase in the U.S. Declaration of Independence
• The Pursuit of Happiness (band), a Canadian rock group
• The Pursuit of Happiness (1971 film), a 1971 film starring Barbara Hershey
• The Pursuit of Happyness, a 2006 film starring Will Smith
• The Pursuit of Happiness, novel by Douglas Kennedy (writer)
• Pursuit of Happiness, a 2006 album by Arthur Loves Plastic
• Pursuit of Happiness (Weekend Players album), a 2002 album by Weekend Players

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Maunsell

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Maunsell may refer to a number of different people or things with that name:

Things:

• The Maunsell Sea Forts defence system.

People:

• Guy Maunsell, designer of the Maunsell Sea Fort defence system.
• Richard Maunsell, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway and Southern Railway (UK).
• John Maunsell, secretary of state and chancellor to Henry III.

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maunsell”
Categories: Disambiguation

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• This page was last modified on 19 January 2006, at 21:40.
• All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.)
  Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a U.S. registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity.
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This article or section needs to be updated. Please update the article to reflect recent events / newly available information, and remove this template when finished.

MLB.com
Top: MLB.com logo. Bottom: A typical MLB.com homepage.
URL	http://www.mlb.com/, http://www.majorleaguebaseball.com/
Type of site	Baseball
Owner	Major League Baseball
Launched	1995
Current status	Public

MLB.com is the official site of Major League Baseball. MLB.com is a source of baseball-related information, including baseball news, statistics, and sports columns. MLB.com is also a commercial site, providing online streaming video and streaming audio broadcasts of all Major League Baseball games to paying subscribers, as well as “gameday”, a near-live streaming box score of baseball games for free. In addition, MLB.com sells official baseball merchandise, allows users to buy tickets to baseball games, runs fantasy baseball leagues (both free and paid), and runs auctions of baseball memorabilia.

MLB.com also contains the full, unabridged, official rules of the game, which can be useful for researching the rarely-invoked rules for unusual occurrences.

MLB.tv

MLB.tv is a subscription service which allows users to view games live, streamed through an internet browser (or MLB.tv Mosaic, see below). Currently, MLB.tv offers video in qualities of 400K, 800K and 1.2MB.. MLB.tv also offers gameday audio, which allows users to listen to games, without blackout restrictions. Some games provide commentary in Spanish, and games may have up to four audio streams (one for the home team, one for the away, and two of the same in Spanish). Not all audio streams are available at all times.

Normal blackout restrictions apply to games, and other countries may have blackout restrictions as well (see below.)

The costs of subscription depend on the quality the user will want to view, and the timing of payment:

MLB.tv Mosaic

A screenshot of the MLB.tv Mosaic program

Mosaic is a downloadable program which provides features not available when streaming through a web browser. It is only available to subscribers of MLB.tv Premium. Live games are shown, and on-demand games are available for a period of two days previous to the current date.

Mosaic allows you to show multiple games at once, and provides the following viewing modes:

• 6 games tiled across the screen.
• 4 games tiled across the screen.
• One main game, with 2 games tiled on the right hand side.
• One main game, with 3 games tiled on the right hand side.
• One main game (which can be made full-screen)

When set on one main game, team information is shown to the right hand side of the game, including team line-ups, the boxscore, and team statistics. Users can also view their “player tracker”, which will alert the user when a player in their chosen player list is active in a game.

Blackout restrictions

MLB.com has been providing streaming video since the 2002 season, with only audio available before that. However, in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Guam and the US Virgin Islands, blackout restrictions apply. A team’s local TV station’s coverage of a game is blacked out to all users within the local club’s home television territory, and in Japan. Contractual stipulations with FOX and ESPN respectively mean that regular season Saturday games scheduled before 1900 EST (beginning 20th May 2006) and Sunday games scheduled after 17:00 EST are blacked out throughout the United States. During the post-season, all games are blacked out in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Guam and the US Virgin Islands. In all other countries and territories, no exclusivity rights have been granted and MLB.com is able to broadcast all games.

MLB.com can check a viewer’s origin by using an e-mail address’s domain during registration, by using credit card billing information, or by IP address. The intricate blackout rules of Major League Baseball coupled with the inaccuracy of ISP-based targeting can leave a fan unable to watch a game on MLB.com.

MLB Gameday Audio does not have blackout restrictions.

MLB.com Fantasy

MLB.com Fantasy has many games and simulations, including Beat the Streak, and MLB 2008 Open. Beat the Streak is where you pick a player for each day, and if that player gets at least one hit, your streak continues. The 2008 Open is where you can make up to five teams and choose players for the teams. Depending on how well your players do is how well you score.

History

The previous “home” for Major League Baseball was www.MajorLeagueBaseball.com. The domain MLB.com was originally owned by Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP. In September 2000, Morgan Lewis & Bokius and Major League Baseball entered into an agreement to transfer the domain to Major League Baseball.

Customer service complaints

MLB.com and MLB.TV have been criticized for providing poor and disingenuous customer service. According to the Better Business Bureau:

“Consumers report to the BBB their subscriptions are automatically renewed with Major League Baseball even though they have cancelled their plans within the specified cancellation period. Complaints also allege that the services purchased do not work, and consumers report being unable reach a customer service representative to correct these issues or obtain a refund.

Based on BBB files, this business has an unsatisfactory record with the Bureau, because there is a pattern of complaints, and the business has not corrected the underlying reason for the complaints.”

References

1. ^ ^{a b} MLB.tv subcription information
2. ^ “Baseball officials plan live video streaming” on c|net news
3. ^ “A black(out) eye for baseball” by Jeff Passan, Yahoo! sports.
4. ^ Major League Baseball Knows Where You Live!
5. ^ “Business Week news item”.
6. ^ New York BBB Reliability Report for MLB ADVANCED MEDIA

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Ichthyophis tricolor

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Ichthyophis tricolor
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Gymnophiona Family: Ichthyophiidae Genus: Ichthyophis Species: I. tricolor
Binomial name
Ichthyophis tricolor Annandale, 1909

Ichthyophis tricolor Annandale, 1909

Body violet-brown, with a yellow lateral stripe from lips to tip of tail, slightly wider and unbroken at neck.A broad white ventral stripe present. Snout slightly projecting. Eyes are distinct and the tentacles are placed closer to the eye at the edge of upper lip. Known from Kerala (south of Palghat gap).

Image: Ichthyophis tricolor

Reference

Bhatta, G. 1998. A field guide to the caecilians of the Western Ghats, India. Journal of Biosciences, Vol. 23(1): 73-85

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyophis_tricolor”
Categories: Least Concern species

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the first large scale attempt at saltmarsh restoration in the UK” src=”http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Tollesbury_bare_ground.jpg/350px-Tollesbury_bare_ground.jpg” width=”350″ height=”263″ border=”0″ class=”thumbimage” />

Tollesbury Managed Realignment site in Essex, the first large scale attempt at saltmarsh restoration in the UK

In the context of coastal erosion, managed retreat (also managed realignment) allows an area that was not previously exposed to flooding by the sea to become flooded by removing coastal protection. This process is usually in low lying estuarine areas and almost always involves flooding of land that has at some point in the past been claimed from the sea.

Managed retreat is often a response to sea level rise, so in the UK has been most common in the southeast of England where the impacts of global sea level rise are exacerbated by local subsidence of the land surface due to isostatic rebound in the north.

Coastal defence

In the UK the main reason for implementation of Managed Realignment is generally to improve coastal stability, essentially replacing artificial ‘hard’ coastal defences with natural ‘soft’ coastal landforms (Pethick 2002). This process can be used to protect areas of land further inland rather than that near the coast by relying on natural defences to absorb or dampen the force of waves.

Habitat loss

In addition to being used as a means of coastal defence, Managed Realignment has also been used in a number of cases to mitigate for loss of intertidal habitat.

Although land claim has been an important factor for saltmarsh loss in the UK in the past (Allen 1992) the majority of current saltmarsh loss in the UK is believed to be due to erosion (Morris et al. 2004). This erosion may involve coastal squeeze, where protective sea walls prevent the landward migration of saltmarsh in response to sea level rise when sediment supply is limited (Hulme 2005; Morris et al. 2004). Saltmarshes are protected under the EU Habitats Directive as well as providing habitat for a number of species protected by the Birds Directive(see Natura 2000). Following this guidance, the UK’s biodiversity action plan aims to prevent net losses to the area of saltmarsh present in 1992. It is therefore a legal requirement that all losses in marsh area must be compensated by replacement habitat with equivalent biological characteristics (Crooks et al. 2001). This equates to the need to restore approximately 1.4 km² of saltmarsh habitat per year in the UK.

Advantages

There are no direct costs apart from that of removing any defences already in place and maintenance costs are very low.

Sediment flow is also restored to its natural state, beaches can be naturally replenished due to erosion of the coast, providing protection and the balance of the coastline returns.

Disadvantages

A certain amount of land will inevitably be lost in this process while beaches are being built up resulting in settlements, farmland and other property being destroyed. Because of this, managed retreat is often not a socially acceptable plan and may invoke the need for compensation to land-owners.

There are no agreed protocols on the monitoring of MR sites (Atkinson et al. 2001) and, consequently, very few of the sites are being monitored consistently and effectively (Wolters et al. 2005c). Due to the low levels of monitoring there is little evidence on which to base future managed realignment projects. This has led to the results of Managed Realignment schemes being extremely unpredicatble.

Examples

Freiston Shore Managed Realignment site, Lincolnshire ?

In the UK, the first managed retreat site was an area of 8,000 square metres at Northey Island in Essex flooded in 1991, followed by larger sites at Tollesbury and Orplands (1995), Freiston Shore (2001) and Abbott’s Hall (2002) and a number of others.

Current progress

At present approximately 6 km² of saltmarsh have been restored by MR in the UK (Mossman et al. In prep). One of the major reasons cited for the slow pace of current saltmarsh restoration in the UK (Morris et al. 2004) is the uncertainty associated with the practice (Foresight).

See also

• Salt marsh
• Restoration Ecology

References

Allen, J. R. L. 1992. Tidally influenced marshes in the Severn Estuary, southwest Britain. Pages 123-147 in J. R. L. Allen, and K. Pye, editors. Saltmarshes. Morphodynamics, conservation and Engineering Significance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Atkinson, P. W., S. Crook, A. Grant, and M. M. Rehfisch. 2001. The success of creation and restoration schemes in producing intertidal habitat suitable for waterbirds. English Nature. Hulme, P. E. 2005. Adapting to climate change: is there scope for ecological management in the face of a global threat? Journal of Applied Ecology 42:784-794.

Morris, R. K. A., I. S. Reach, M. J. Duffy, T. S. Collins, and R. N. Leafe. 2004. On the loss of saltmarshes in south-east England and the relationship with Nereis diversicolor. Journal of Applied Ecology 41:787-791.

Mossman, H., A. Grant, and A. J. Davy. In prep. Halophyte community development on a salt marsh following managed coastal realignment.

Pethick, J. 2002. Estuarine and Tidal Wetland Restoration in the United Kingdom: Policy Versus Practice. Restoration Ecology 10:431-437.

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ORP B?yskawica is currently preserved as a museum ship in Gdynia.” src=”http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blyskawica_l_d.jpg/180px-Blyskawica_l_d.jpg” width=”180″ height=”107″ border=”0″ class=”thumbimage” />

The Polish destroyer ORP B?yskawica is currently preserved as a museum ship in Gdynia.

A museum ship, or sometimes memorial ship, is a ship that has been preserved and converted into a museum open to the public, for educational or memorial purposes. Some are also used for training and recruitment purposes, a use found mostly with the small number of museum ships that are still operational, i.e. capable of regular movement.

There are several hundred museum ships around the world, with around 175 of them organised in the Historic Naval Ships Association though there are also many non-naval museum ships as well, from general merchant ships to tugs and lightships. Many, if not most, museum ships are also associated with a maritime museum.

Significance

Former crew members of USS Missouri pose for photos after the Anniversary of the End of World War II ceremony.

Despite the long history of sea travel, the ravages of the elements and the expense of maintenance has resulted in the destruction of nearly all the ships that were ever built, often by sinking, usually by being broken up and sold for scrap. Only a few have survived, sometimes because of historical significance, but more often simply due to luck and circumstance.

Since an old ship tied up at dockside, without attention, will still decay and eventually sink, the practice of recent years has been to form some sort of preservation society, solicit donations from governments or private individuals, organize volunteer labor from the enthusiasts, and open the restored ship to visitors, usually for a fee.

The restoration and maintenance of museum ships presents an interesting set of problems for historians who are frequently asked for advice, and the results periodically generate some controversy. For instance, the rigging of sailing ships has almost never survived, and so the rigging plan must be reconstructed from various sources. Studying the ships also allows historians to analyse how life on and operation of the ships took place. Numerous scientific papers have been written on ship restoration and maintenance, and international conferences are held discussing the latest developments. Some years ago, the Barcelona Charter was signed by a variety of international owner organizations of traditional vessels, and provides certain accepted minimum criteria for the restoration and operation of traditional watercraft still in operation.

Another discussion in the preservation community is the distinction between a ‘real’ museum ship, and a ship replica. As repairs accumulate over time, less and less of the ship is of the original materials, and the lack of old parts (or even ‘appropriate’ work tools) may lead to the use of modern ’short-cuts’ (such as welding a metal plate instead of riveting it, as would be the case during the ships historical period). Visitors without historical background are also often unable to distinguish between a historical museum ship and a (more-or-less historically relevant) ship replica, which may serve solely as a tourist attraction.

Museum usage

Typically the visitor enters via gangplank, wanders around on the deck, then goes below, usually using the original stairways, giving a sense of how the crew got around. The interior features restored but inactivated equipment, enhanced with mementos including old photographs, explanatory displays, pages from the ship’s logs, menus, and the like. Some will add recorded sound effects, audio tours or video displays to add to the experience.

A number of the larger museum ships have begun to offer hosting for weddings, meetings, and other events, sleepovers, and on a few ships still seaworthy, cruises. In the United States, this includes the Constitution’s annual “turnaround”, where the old ship is towed out into the harbor and brought back in facing the other way, so as to weather evenly. A place on the deck is by invitation or lottery only, and highly prized.

The tourism appeal of a city waterfront graced by an interesting old vessel is considered by many to be sufficient enough that any port city should showcase one or more museum ships, which are often great favourites of locals and visitors. This may even include building a replica ship at great expense.

The first museum ship could be considered to be Jason’s Argo, which after his expedition for the Golden Fleece, was preserved on a beach and shown to visitors for ages afterwards.

Notable examples

Main article: List of museum ships

Name	Location	Nationality	Type	Comments
HNLMS Abraham Crijnssen	Den Helder, Netherlands	Netherlands	Minesweeper	Escaped from Surabaya, Java during the Japanese invasion in 1942 disguised as a tropical island and reached Australia.
USS Alabama	Mobile, Alabama	United States	Battleship	Received nine WWII battle stars, later joined by USS Drum.
Aurora	St. Petersburg, Russia	Russia	Protected cruiser	Launched in 1900, survived the Battle of Tsushima and fired the first shots of the October Revolution.
Balclutha	San Francisco, California	United States	Tall ship	Launched in 1886, U.S. National Historic Landmark.
HMS Belfast	London, England	United Kingdom	Light cruiser	Only surviving cruiser built during the 1930s. Mined in 1939 and later assisted in the sinking of the battleship Scharnhorst and provided gunfire support on D-Day and during the Korean War.
ORP B?yskawica	Gdynia, Poland	Poland	Destroyer	Oldest surviving destroyer, escaped from Poland just before the German invasion began in 1939.
USS Bowfin	Pearl Harbor, Hawaii	United States	Submarine	Fought in the Pacific Theater of World War II.
HMY Britannia	Edinburgh, Scotland	United Kingdom	Royal Yacht / Hospital ship (designed for potential conversion)	The last British Royal Yacht.
HMS Cavalier	Chatham, England	United Kingdom	Destroyer	Only preserved British World War II destroyer.
Charles W. Morgan	Mystic Seaport, Connecticut	United States	Whaler	Wooden 19th century whaler, only such U.S. ship remaining.
USS Cod	Cleveland, Ohio	United States	Submarine	fought in the Pacific Theater of World War II.
USS Constellation	Baltimore, Maryland	United States	Sloop	At one point considered to be one of USS Constitution’s sister ships, she is the only surviving American Civil War-era warship.
USS Constitution	Boston, Massachusetts	United States	Frigate	Oldest commissioned warship afloat.
Cutty Sark	Greenwich, England	United Kingdom	Clipper	Only surviving clipper ship. Recently (2007) sustained heavy damage in a fire.
Drazki	Varna, Bulgaria	Bulgaria	Torpedo boat	The only surviving example of a large steam-powered torpedo boat. Built in 1907, she saw action during the Balkan Wars including a successful torpedo attack on a Turkish cruiser.
Elissa	Galveston, Texas	United States	Tall ship	One of the oldest tall ships still active, launched in 1877, U.S. National Historic Landmark.
HMS Gannet	Chatham, England	United Kingdom	Sloop-of-war	Only surviving example of a steam-powered sloop.
Georgios Averof	Faliron, Greece	Greece	Armored cruiser	Former flagship of the Greek Navy. Last surviving armored cruiser in the world.
Gorch Fock	Stralsund, Germany	Germany, Soviet Union ,	Barque	Kriegsmarine school ship scuttled at the end of World War II, raised and re-used by the Soviet Union.
SS Great Britain	Bristol, England	United Kingdom	Ocean liner	A Brunel design, Great Britain was the first ocean-going ship to have screw propellor and an iron hull.
HMCS Haida	Hamilton, Ontario	Canada	Destroyer	Tribal class destroyer, one of the most successful ships of World War II.
Hiddensee	Fall River, Massachusetts	East Germany	Missile Corvette	The only Russian-designed Tarantul I class on public display in the world.
Hikawa Maru	Yokohama, Japan	Japan	Ocean liner / Hospital ship	One of the few pre-war Japanese merchantmen to survive World War Two, she served in the Imperial Japanese Navy as a hospital ship before returning to civilian use after the war.
Huáscar	Talcahuano, Chile	Peru, Chile ,	Ironclad	Launched in 1865, Huáscar is the oldest surviving ironclad turret ship. She played a significant part in the War of the Pacific and survived a battle with a British squadron in 1877.
USS Intrepid	New York City, New York	United States	Aircraft carrier	World War II Essex-class aircraft carrier, launched on April 26, 1943 and now part of the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum.
Jylland	Ebeltoft, Denmark	Denmark	Screw frigate	Veteran of the Battle of Heligoland, she is the last surviving wooden screw frigate.
USS Laffey	Charleston, South Carolina	United States	Destroyer	Hit by four bombs and six kamikazes off Okinawa, earning the nickname “The Ship That Wouldn’t Die”.
USS Lexington	Corpus Christi, Texas	United States	Aircraft carrier	Served in World War II and subsequently used in the training of US Navy aircrews for three decades.
USS Midway	San Diego	United States	Aircraft carrier	Served from 1946 to Desert Storm.
Mikasa	Yokosuka, Japan	Japan	Battleship	Last surviving pre-dreadnought battleship. Admiral Togo’s flagship at the Battle of Tsushima.
USS Missouri	Pearl Harbor, Hawaii	United States	Battleship	Site of the Japanese surrender ceremony that ended World War II.
USS Nautilus	Groton, Connecticut	United States	Submarine	World’s first Nuclear-powered ship.
USS New Jersey	Camden, New Jersey	United States	Battleship	One of the longest-serving warships of the twentieth century.
USS North Carolina	Wilmington, North Carolina	United States	Battleship	Served in every post-Midway campaign of the Pacific Theater during World War II.
USS Olympia	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	United States	Protected cruiser	Commodore Dewey’s flagship during the Battle of Manila Bay. Only surviving veteran of the Spanish-American War.
Passat	Travemünde, Germany	Germany	Barque	Four-masted flying P-Liner, sister ship of Pamir.
Peking	South Street Seaport, New York	United States	Barque	Four-masted flying P-Liner.
Pommern	Mariehamn, Åland	Finland	Barque	Four-masted flying P-Liner and the world’s last four-masted steel barque still in original condition as a cargo ship.
RMS Queen Mary	Long Beach, California	United Kingdom	Ocean Liner	Famous Cunard liner. Now a museum and hotel used frequently for film and television.
HNoMS Rap	Horten, Norway	Norway	Torpedo boat	One of the first torpedo craft, a class of warship that revolutionized naval warfare during the late nineteenth century.
HMCS Sackville	Halifax	Canada	Corvette	Flower class convoy escort. Last surviving example of one of the most important ship classes of World War Two.
USS Salem	Quincy, Massachusetts	United States	Heavy cruiser	Only surviving example of a heavy cruiser.
NS Savannah	Mount Pleasant, South Carolina	United States	Nuclear merchant ship	The only American nuclear-powered freighter ever built and one of a handful of nuclear-powered civilian ships built worldwide.
USS Slater	Albany, New York	United States	Destroyer escort	Currently the only memorial/museum ship of this type afloat in North America.
HMS Småland	Gothenburg, Sweden	Sweden	Destroyer	Launched in 1956, the Småland became one of the first destroyers to carry missiles as part of her armament.
Sundowner	Ramsgate, England	United Kingdom	Pinnace	Built as a steam launch for the Royal Navy, later purchased by Charles Lightoller, Second Officer of the Titanic. Participated in the evacuation of Dunkirk.
Star of India	San Diego	United Kingdom, United States ,	Tall ship	One of the oldest tall ships still active, the Star of India was launched in 1863. U.S. National Historic Landmark
USCGC Taney	Baltimore	United States	Cutter	One of only two U.S. ships still afloat that were present at the Pearl Harbor attack, the other being the harbor tug USS Hoga.
USS Texas	La Porte, Texas	United States	Battleship	Oldest surviving dreadnought battleship, also one of only two ships remaining to have served in both World Wars.
U-505	Chicago	Nazi Germany	Submarine	Type IXC U-boat captured by the United States Navy in 1944.
U-995	Laboe	Nazi Germany, Norway ,	Submarine	Only remaining Type VIIC/41 U-boat. After World War Two she became the Norwegian KNM Kaura.
HMAS Vampire	Sydney, Australia	Australia	Destroyer	Largest warship preserved in the Southern Hemisphere.
Vasa	Stockholm, Sweden	Sweden	Galleon	The world’s only almost fully preserved 17th century warship. Sank on her maiden voyage in 1628 and salvaged in 1961.
HMS Victory	Portsmouth, England	United Kingdom	Ship of the line	Nelson’s flagship at Trafalgar. Technically still flagship of the Royal Navy (though permanently in drydock) and the oldest ship in commission in any navy.
HMS Warrior	Portsmouth, England	United Kingdom	Armored Frigate	Launched in 1860, Warrior was the first ocean-going iron hulled ship of its type.
USS Wisconsin	Norfolk, Virginia (on loan)	United States	Battleship	Served in various conflicts since World War II.
USS Yorktown	Mount Pleasant, South Carolina	United States	Aircraft carrier	Launched in 1943 and served throughout the Pacific during World War II Yorktown is the oldest surviving aircraft carrier still intact.

See also

• List of museum ships
• Ship replica
• Ships preserved in museums

References

1. ^ Activities of the Historic Naval Ships Association (the international Historic Naval Ships Association website. Accessed 2008-06-06.)
2. ^ About The Historic Naval Ships Association (the international Historic Naval Ships Association website. Accessed 2008-06-06.)
3. ^ ^{a b} Museum ships built in 1999: Remarks on the reconstruction of historical inland and sea-going vessels (abstract) - Ingo Heidbrink, Ingo; Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv (DSA) 22, 1999, Page 43–58
4. ^ Conference Proceedings (from the ‘Third International Conference on the Technical Aspects of the Preservation of Historic Vessels’ (1997) webpage on the San Francisco Maritime Park Association website)
5. ^ The “Barcelona Charter”, European Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Traditional Ships in Operation - Ingo Heidbrink (editor), Bremen (Hauschildt Verlag, 2003
6. ^ Conserving Unique and Historic Ships - Kearon, John; Head of Shipkeeping, Industrial and Land Transport Conservation, Merseyside Maritime Museum, paper from the ‘Third International Conference on the Technical Aspects of the Preservation of Historic Vessels’ (1997) webpage on the San Francisco Maritime Park Association website
7. ^ A Proposal to Recreate the Royal Yacht Ha’Aheo o Hawai’i (Pride of Hawaii) (International Historic Watercraft Society, via a website of the USCIS Regional Center Immigrant Investor Program. Accessed 2008-03-26.)

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A chocolate fountain in a shop in Brussels, Belgium.

A chocolate fountain is a device for serving chocolate fondue. Typical examples resemble a stepped cone, standing 70-130cm tall with a crown at the top and stacked tiers over a basin at the bottom. The basin is heated to keep the chocolate in a liquid state so it can be pulled into a center cylinder then vertically transported to the top of the fountain by a corkscrew auger. From there it flows over the tiers creating a chocolate “waterfall” in which food items like strawberries or marshmallows can be dipped.

Types of chocolate fountains

Chocolate fountains can be categorised as commercial-use and personal-use.

Woman using a home chocolate fountain.

Commercial chocolate fountains

Commercial chocolate fountains usually range in size from about 50cm to 127cm tall and are designed for use in professional environments such as catering. These fountains are normally constructed of food-grade stainless steel and, as such, are quite durable. Depending on the model, commercial chocolate fountains may hold as much as 15kg of chocolate.

Home chocolate fountains

Home Chocolate Fountains range in size up to about 50cm tall. They are primarily made of plastic and may have some stainless steel components (although all-stainless models do exist) and are usually dishwasher safe. Home chocolate fountains normally hold 2 or less kilograms of chocolate.

Chocolate fountain chocolate

Melted chocolate is very temperamental, so rich couverture chocolate, which is high in cocoa butter, is commonly used to ensure consistent flow. If the cocoa butter content of the chocolate is too low, an additive must be mixed in to decrease viscosity. (Vegetable oil is most commonly used to do this.) But even couverture chocolate–unless specifically designed for fountains–often still requires an additive to make it flow smoothly. Because of this, it is highly recommended that chocolate formulated specifically for fountains be used to avoid the need for the addition of vegetable oil, as the oil gives a slimy, gritty taste and texture to the chocolate. Few chocolate fountains are capable of melting chocolate directly in the basin, so chocolate is typically melted in a microwave or double boiler before pouring it into the fountain.

The fluid dynamics of home chocolate fountains are particularly problematic, since the gravitational forces are much lower than the viscous forces; this means that small chocolate fountains need a very high proportion of vegetable oil. There is a trade-off between looks and taste: if perfect smooth flow may be sacrificed, it’s possible to use non-oily chocolate.

A cheaper alternative to couverture chocolate is chocolate-flavored syrup, also called “chocolate coating”. Chocolate coating is already in liquid form and costs much less than couverture chocolate - although many would argue that the extra expense of gourmet Belgian couverture chocolate is more than worth it. Another alternative is to use dark chocolate, such as 70% cocoa chocolate. This contains much less sugar, so it isn’t so sticky; a small quantity of hot water may be added to thin it further.

History

Chocolate fountains were first made popular by a Canadian company called Design & Realisation. But that popularity was relatively mild until other companies like Buffet Enhancements and Sephra stepped into the marketplace and made the product more visible by broadening the clientelle demographic and expanding the customer base.

Originally, the market was entirely commercial, with chocolate fountains costing thousands of dollars and requiring significant upkeep. The popularity of chocolate fountains grew to a point of demand at a consumer retail level as people who had seen commercial models at catered events inquired about purchasing their own fountains. Then, at the end of 2004, the Hellmann Group began marketing the Nostalgia Chocolate Fountain for personal use. Sephra followed close behind, introducing a line of high-end home chocolate fountains in 2005. These new personal-use models were targeted to be priced for everyday consumers and easy to use.

This expansion into the retail market caused the demand to peak drastically. Consumers drooled over the new home models and the idea of chocolate fountains became more commonplace. As a result, the catering industry saw more requests for chocolate fountains at events. This also provoked a creative splash in the fondue world. Flavoring oils such as mint, orange, and cappuccino were developed to give the chocolate extra pizazz. Caterers began adding food coloring to white chocolate to make it coincide with special holidays or events. Caterers and home users created special recipes for a variety of fondues that would flow well in a fountain. Some of the more popular recipes included caramel, cheese, maple syrup, ranch dressing, and BBQ sauce. Because of the growing practice of using chocolate fountains for other types of fondue, chocolate fountains became interchangeably referred to as “fondue fountains”.

Today, commercial chocolate fountains are a common fixture at well-to-do galas, weddings, and catered parties; while home chocolate fountains are more commonly seen at birthday parties and friendly gatherings.

Trivia

Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (September 2007)

The Jean-Philippe Patisserie at the Bellagio Casino in Las Vegas is home to the world’s tallest chocolate fountain.

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